Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets - Essay Example In this article, I will analyze the current money neutrality and the creation of reserve without money creation as per the central banking systems. Money neutrality Numerous economics students have been taught the theory of money neutrality and its effect on how people consider the issue of monetary policy. The implications of money neutrality may be summarized as follows: in the long run, the growth of money ought to be neutral in its impact on the production growth rate and ought to affect the inflation rate. The earliest canonical works on the neutrality of money stated the superiority of monetary policy regulations that enabled the participants in the market to envisage the future money supplies. There were no debates in these abstract models for the necessity of an institution like a central bank that may be used to take the actions to apply a policy based on rules (Cecchetti 42). There were also no differences identified between the central bank’s liabilities and money. Theoretically, the gap between the inflation variables and the central bank variables (M1 and M2) are under the transmission mechanism, which is a monetary theory. The Federal Reserve utilizes the open market to withdraw or inject commercial bank reserves. The banks then create money through money multiplier. In a nutshell, banks react to the injection of extra reserves by developing loans that are financed with monetary liabilities like savings deposits and checking (Cecchetti 104). The money multiplier calculates the final adjustment in the supply of money that would be caused by a certain change in the monetary base. Irrespective of the money multiplier value, as long as it is stable, a certain percentage increase in the monetary base would cause a similar percentage increase in money. Therefore, the theory of money multiplier is a brief means of tying a policy rule under the central bank control with inflation and money. Creation of reserve without money The application of the c oncepts of the money multiplier and money neutrality have made a number of Federal Reserve observers argue that the present financial crisis has been caused by the possible result of inflation. For instance, the Financial Times, Martin Feldstein argued that when the economy starts to recuperate, the Federal Reserve will have to lessen the stock money and prevent the high volume of excess reserves in the banks from creating credit and money explosion. The negative money multiplier may be explained by liquidity creation. For instance, from 1981 to 2006, the average credit market assets that the US financial institutions hold have increased by $ 32.3 trillion. Commercial bank reserves that have been held as deposits by the Federal Reserve had reduced by $ 6.5 billion within the same period (Cecchetti 56). In 2006, the total commercial bank reserves in the Federal Reserve were only $18.7 billion. This amount was less than the equivalent amount that was held in banks, in 1951. It is quit e clear that not only have the financial institutions depended on a rise in reserves held at the Federal Reserve to increase credit they have also increased credit by 744 percent as the reserves diminished. Therefore, the subsidiary money multiplier of the augmented bank reserves has been either irrelevant or highly negative. The following figure indicates the

Communications in Business - Social Performance of BMW AG Essay

Communications in Business - Social Performance of BMW AG - Essay Example It is in this context that the company has been recorded to be the winner of Sustainability Index Leader for consecutive 7 years (Jackson 2011). However, there are several cases which reveal facts against the operations of the company. With this concern the paper shall intend to critically analyse the performances of BMW AG in the international platform and analyse its efficiency in performing its corporate social responsibility. In this regard, both the positive and negative issues will be discussed with briefings based on the social impacts and its effect on the company’s stakeholders. The Case against BMW AG One of the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) goals which have been determined by BMW AG to enhance its performance and sustainable growth is focused on the minimisation of the impact automobile creates on the environment. In this regard, the company enforces few technological transformations which are expected to reduce emissions and at the same time minimise the ne ed of natural resources (BMW Group 2009). With this concern the company implies the concept of environmental management system in its operations. Adhering to its objective and the environment management approach the company concentrates on recycling the resources, such as unused cars, engines and other required materials to produce new cars. It also focuses on the utilisation of natural fibres in the door panels and sound-proofing (BMW Group 2009). However, the utilisation of natural fibres in the automotive designing can cause few disadvantages. For instance, due to the employment of natural fibres in the automobile designing, providing a perfect shape to the body of the products becomes tough. This in turn gives rise to the operational cost of the organisation. Moreover, after the recycling of natural fibres it becomes weak. Natural fibres also absorb moisture from the climate and causes swelling which in turn hamper the longevity of the automobile. Other disadvantages of using na tural fibres are lower durability and quite weaker fire resistance (Rijswijk, Brouwer and Beukers 2001). Therefore, it can be stated that utilisation of natural fibres reduces the negative impact on environment which could have taken place directly due to the usage of other fibres. But on the contrary it causes deficiency in the performance of the vehicles hampering the interests of the consumers. It lacks in safety precautions, durability and reliability which can directly affect the company’s sustainable growth creating a negative impact on the society and the stakeholders on the whole. In its sustainability operations, the company is also recorded to implement hybrid technology in its production system with PSA Peugeot Citroen as a joint venture. The objective of the company in this regard is to minimise the fuel consumption and emissions with the purpose to reduce the amount of negative impact that widely used automobile technologies have on the environment (PR Newswire 2 011). But the hybridisation of automobile technologies also has their inevitable disadvantages. To be mentioned in this context, hybrid technology can certainly be quite costly with limited affordability in the current market situation. According to evidences from automobile engineers it is also revealed

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

Interview - Essay Example The interview perused on issues relating to team management for instance, how I ever managed a team project in the past, difficulties I encountered, decisions I undertook, how I managed the group members, how I met deadlines, and organized the team to work as one. In preparation of the team building questions will give me confidence when going for the interview. I also believe that there are a number of questions which I did not find relevant in the mock exam, for instance, the question asking about situations when I missed deadlines while carrying projects and what I could have done different. I believe such a question is irrelevant in this content. I felt more prepared when questions relating to goals was asked. Ever since I was a young person, I had always been taught about the value of always planning ahead, through having short and long term goals. In addition, I was more prepared when it came to team project management issues since I had experience with it. In school, we used to be grouped in groups of 8 and each group accorded group leader in rotation for each task. As a group leader and project manager, I managed to get some skills in relation to how to make a team stronger and more focused. I felt least prepared in the question which talked about describing some aspects about the company, since i had not research about it well. I also found the question about the most difficult course that I took in school absurd, because I found all to be equally easy. I learnt a lot about myself after the mock interview. I realized that I had a lot to learn and prepare for the real exam. First of all, I realized I would get an average or a fail based on the level of prepared at the mock interview. In order to score highly for the real interview with the company, means I have to prepare well. I also realized the value of being prepared all round as some questions are not directly related to class work, but come as practical examples, like for

Application to Use Human Research Subjects Essay

Application to Use Human Research Subjects - Essay Example   Name and Title Dept. Phone, E-mail address 3. Non-key personnel:   Name and Title Dept. Phone, E-mail address 7. Consultants:   Name and Title Dept. Phone, E-mail address 8. The principal investigator agrees to carry out the proposed project as stated in the application and to promptly report to the Human Subjects Committee any proposed changes and/or unanticipated problems involving risks to subjects or others participating in approved project in accordance with the Liberty Way and the Confidentiality Statement. The principal investigator has access to copies of 45 CFR 46 and the Belmont Report. The principal investigator agrees to inform the Human Subjects Committee and complete all necessary reports should the principal investigator terminate association with the University. Additionally s/he agrees to maintain records and keep informed consent documents for three years after completion of the project even if the principal investigator terminates association with the University. ___________________________________ _________________________________________ Principal Investigator Signature Date ___________________________________ _________________________________________ Faculty Sponsor (If applicable) Date Submit the original request to: Liberty University Institutional Review Board, CN Suite 1582, 1971 University Blvd., Lynchburg, VA 24502. Submit also via email to irb@liberty.edu APPLICATION TO USE HUMAN RESEARCH SUBJECTS 10. This project will be conducted at the following location(s): (please indicate city & state)  Liberty University Campus X Other (Specify): Charlottesville High School: Charlottesville, Virginia 11. This project will involve the following subject types: (check-mark types to be studied) X Normal Volunteers (Age 18-65)  Subjects Incapable Of Giving Consent  In Patients  Prisoners Or Institutionalized Individuals  Out Patients X Minors (Under Age 18)  Patient Controls  Over Age 65  Fetuses  University Students (PSYC De pt. subject pool __)  Cognitively Disabled  Other Potentially Elevated Risk Populations______  Physically Disabled __________________________________________  Pregnant Women Subjects Incapable of Giving Consent. 12. Do you intend to use LU students, staff or faculty as participants in your study? If you do not intend to use LU participants in your study, please check â€Å"no† and proceed directly to item 13. YES  NO X If â€Å"Yes†, please list the department and/or classes you hope to enlist and the number of participants you would like to enroll.  In order to process your request to use LU subjects, we must ensure that you have contacted the appropriate department and gained permission to collect data from them. Signature of Department Chair: ___________________________________ ____________________________ Department Chair Signature(s) Date 13. Estimated number of subjects to be enrolled in this protocol: ___15-25____________ 14. Does this project call for: ( check-mark all that apply to this study) X Use of Voice, Video, Digital, or Image Recordings?  Subject Compensation? Patients $ Volunteers $ Participant Payment Disclosure Form  Advertising For Subjects?  More Than Minimal Risk?  More Than Minimal Psychological Stress?  Alcohol Consumption? X Confidential Material (questionnaires, photos, etc.)?  Waiver of Informed Consent?  Extra Costs To The Subjects (tests, hospitalization, etc.)?  VO2 Max Exercise?

Strategic Marketing & Planning (Blue Ocean Strategy) Essay

Strategic Marketing & Planning (Blue Ocean Strategy) - Essay Example Based on the findings of the report and the desert climate of Saudi Arabia, the frozen yogurt business may succeed. The strategy targets families with children between three years and twenty years, thus this is the target market for the company. Ideally, the company may bait them by offering punch cards and coupons upon a given number of purchases. Today, the most appropriate method of reaching the teenagers and youths is the social media. The company could attract customers to the company by offering coupons and other promotional gifts through their social media such as Twitter and Facebook. This will attract a loyal customer base as well create awareness on the company’s products and prices (Willy et al., 2011:150). In all stages of the strategy, the idea is to create value innovation and differentiation from the existing industry. The paper proposes a blue ocean-based campaign labeled â€Å"Froyo Goes Green†. The main objective of the campaign is to attract customer to the company through offering environmentally friendly products and services, including biodegradable consumables such as spoons, cups, and containers. Moreover, the company will provide unique flavors and toppings that are not available in other competing stores. Introduction Every business, regardless of the industry of operation, has a chance to fail or succeed. As with all other business ventures, a frozen yogurt business can prove profitable if run properly. Indeed, we live in an informed generation where people are conscious about their diet and health, thus constantly looking for healthier alternatives to their favorite foods and drinks. Conceptually, the traditional ice-cream corn is a favorite for many people, thus initiating a frozen yogurt venture at any time is essentially right. Nonetheless, a business owner must undertake a comprehensive research of the target market to ensure that their business ideas are viable. Depending on the marketing and organizational framewo rk, a frozen yogurt may be either market oriented or sales oriented. This paper seeks to determine the orientation of the frozen yogurt industry in Saudi Arabia using illustrations to back the orientation. Additionally, the paper explores the strategies to improve the effectiveness of the company, with emphasis on improving the strategic planning process using the Blue Ocean Strategic model (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005:23). Background Saudi Arabia is among the fast-growing economies in the world. A significant portion of the country’s GDP comes from oil and gas, and the growing private sector. The climate in the country is desert-like, with average temperatures of 45o and highs of 50o. This climate creates a potential market for frozen desserts in the market. The company may tap this opportunity and provide the Saudi Arabians with healthy frozen yogurts to cool off their day. More than 50% of the Saudi Arabians earn incomes above $50,000, thus majority will afford a frozen yogurt dessert worth between $3 and $5. Saudi Arabia provides a promising business environment for organizations that focus on customer needs and demands, as well as those that observe the health regulation of the kingdom. The frozen yogurt market is not a new venture in Saudi Arabia: the industry has

What is Rhetoric Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Rhetoric - Assignment Example From an analysis of these three major definitions, I would say that rhetoric is a manner of speaking that helps a speaker convey a message effectively. As can be seen, rhetoric is a communication tool, so its importance arises from the ability of a speaker to manipulate its use to convey messages. Rhetoric is a tool that can be used by the speaker to influence the listener’s mindset, so it is important for convincing people of opinions that they should understand. However, rhetoric is a combination of the good and bad. Just like any tool, rhetoric can be used for negative and positive purposes. This means that rhetoric is a tool, a tool used in speech for different purposes. Rhetoric is a tool that can be used to build or destroy lives, depending on the way the speaker chooses to use it. For example, a speaker can choose to use to use rhetoric as a weapon, which is still an application of a

Cultures in the World Essay Example for Free

Cultures in the World Essay To define culture is not easy because culture means different things to different people. Hence there many definitions of culture as there are many different cultures in the World. Anthropologists define culture as social behaviour of human beings. To others dance, music, theatre, artifacts and fashion constitute culture. On the other hand, fashion is a style characteristic of the social elite and is mainly associated with social class and is highly dynamic. Hence fashion should be in current mode for instance a garment. Fashion, style, vogue or even mode are used interchangeably to refer to a preferred type of dress, behaviour, adornment or a way of life at a given time span. In broadest terms fashion usually refers to conventions which are generally accepted by a society or by any culture or even a subculture. Style like mode often stresses the adherence to standards and elegance and should be socially accepted. For instance miniskirts were the mode in the late sixties. Vogue is applied to style or fashion that prevails widely but often suggests enthusiastic but short lived acceptance (The American heritage 2003). Wilson, further states that fashion is always in a continual change and sets the terms for all sartorial behaviour (Wilson 2003). The importance of fashion can never be overemphasized in the current world since fashion now is always around us from media to our daily lives in clothing and even automobile sector. Let it be clearly noted that fashion is for aesthetic as well as societal class, elegance and modesty. In the current years fashion has become a major factor affecting the psychosocial wellbeing of major cultures and subcultures in the world. This influences the life of people both in style and preferences and their economical sphere. The growth of fashion is linked with the development of cities and urban centres in the 14th century and the growing sophistication of the courts. But it is only in 15th and 16th centuries when people developed the culture of fashion and class such that they felt shameful to wear outdated clothes (Wilson 2003). The entrance of fashion led to increased spending on clothes and a clear cut class differences. The rise of bourgeoisie became so much crucial in the development of fashion and style. The poorest class received the cheapest clothing with the people in the highest level in class ladder wearing the most expensive clothes. With the rise of Industrial revolution came capitalism hence new markets for clothes in fashion and fashion became more and more important with the circulation of images in mass communication. GENDER AND FASHION In the current contemporary world, fashion has become the order of the day. Media houses and world class beauty and model centres have been developed all over the world especially in Europe and U. S. A. However, unlike the past where fashion was associated with female, this industry welcomes both genders nowadays. But because of the past skewed interest of ladies in the industry they are still the major players. Nevertheless, almost every one in the current society setting especially in urban areas appreciates fashion and style and is a product of the same in one way or another. People are more conscious when it comes to fashion and no one is willing to be left behind in the outdated world hence consumption of these fashion products has tremendously risen. ‘Dress is a practical negotiation between the fashion system, the social conditions of everyday life such as class and gender as well as rules or norm governing particular social situations. The outcome of this complex interaction cannot be known in advance precisely because the habitus will improvise and adapt to these conditions’. Thus dress is a personal attempt to orientate ourselves to particular circumstances and thus recognise the structural influences of the social world and the individual on the other (Entwistle 2000) FASHION AND MODERNITY Fashion has kept pace with modern life. It has followed every step the global world is making and is by itself part and parcel of the globalised world. From North to South, West to East fashion is seen to influence the global ways of life. However, this is bringing about similarity and extinction of cultures since fashion and culture are linked and the change of one leads to change of the other. Since fashion is dynamic it follows that the fashion of yester years is different from the fashion of today hence today’s fashion is new and can be termed as modern. Modern fashion has greatly been affected by the present technological advancement and the entrance of new marketing approach. For example, the use of internet has revolutionized this industry. It is not a wonder therefore what is considered modern in London today is even being used the following day in Washington. This has promoted customized fashion products to promote what many fashion stars look for in fashion; uniqueness and class. Fashion and style industry has in the recent decades been well established with increased sales as many people go for class and fashion. Also, the quality of the products has greatly developed thus fashion has become our way of life. FASHION, SUBCULTURAL YOUTH STYLES It is important to distinguish between the concept of youth culture and youth subcultures. In general terms youth culture is more homogenous, doing similar things and being treated in the same way playing down aspects of differentiation. This idea was much popular with U. S sociologists in early 1960s. In modern youth culture emphasis is more on subcultures. Unlike the 20th c where fashion was highly linked with class, in 21st c the line of demarcation has narrowed and the mode of classification is not only on class lines but across a wide plane of social and cultural identities. Hence the youth even in ghettos are coming up with their modes of fashion. The issue of subcultures within the large framework of culture in a society is a major phenomenon. Hence these subcultures act as the seed bed for fashion that is embraced by the larger society. The link between class and identity is far less apparent in the 20th c, in particular since high fashion is democratised and not longer the prerogative of a small elite. In contemporary culture distinction does not run along class lines alone but across a wide plane of social identities. Thus, rather than being only imposed from the top, fashion is also ‘bubbling up’ from the street and youth cultures (Entwistle 2000). The use of style brings across clear identity within the youth and serves to sometimes oppose dominant values within the society. Youth tend to solve their problems of culture and fashion in their own unique understandable way hence they act against the main stream fashions of the old. However their fashions and style are dominantly affected by the media and celebrities entertainment industry. Fashion trends brought forward by top musicians come fast and go quickly. These fashions and styles linked with subcultures are known to be diverse as the youth are dynamic. Therefore the rate of change of any fashion within a subculture is higher than in the dominant cultures. The youth also customise fashions by either adding or removing some parts from the original fashion to create a different identity. And for sure youth have revolutionised the world of fashion and culture, in the contemporary world. Therefore fashion is regarded as a mode of identity by the youth and serves as the avenue through which the youth express themselves. EFFECTS OF FASHION ON CONSUMERISM The cycle of fashion in the modern times has been found to influence the level of consumerism in the current world. Fashion is fueled by change and conversion. Designers always persuade their customers that their new fashions are everything they need. In the next season the same designers convince their customers to bade farewell to outdated designs and instead embrace the new trends in their latest collections. Western societys culture of mass consumerism has widely been influenced by the fashion cycle. Sociologist Stella C. (1993) likens fashion cycle with the rolling waves of the sea. As one fashion gains popularity and is outdated another style is gaining momentum and this change our modern culture. Today’s fashion is not only placed on the contest of youth, sexuality and historicism, but also previous culture movements and shows fashion reflects its surrounding, its subjects but ultimately itself. FASHION AND CLASS Fashion is known to influence lifestyle and how people relate within the society. However this relationship is both on the individual and societal levels. Fashion is a product of class division since many people want to be seen in a unique way within any given society and societies also show their class differences using fashion hence affecting the culture of present societies. CONCLUSION It is true that fashion and culture are highly interlinked. A culture that appreciates fashion is a culture that is dynamic and ready to follow where its fashion leads it to. Modern culture is hinged on the fashion of each passing day and unlike the past psychosocial behaviour is influenced by fashion on a larger scale. Youth subcultures promote their own form of fashion which may be interlinked with fashions within the larger sphere of culture. These fashions serve to show their rebellious identity. The cycle of fashion has seen unnecessary changes of fashion due to designers who look forward to make profits and are out to change fashions as quickly as practicably possible. Hence the world is supposed to be aware of these uncalled changes in fashions. Unethical issues are also related to fashion and culture. Therefore, some people see it like their religious and spiritual beliefs are affected by fashion. However on a global perspective fashion has promoted the entrance of more products in the world market leading to increased competitiveness. Modern global culture is a mirror of fashion and design. REFERENCES Bruzzi Stella, and Patricia Gibson, 2000, Fashion Cultures: Theories, Explorations, and Analysis. London; New York: Routledge. Craik, Jennifer, 1993, The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion. London; New York: Routledge. Entwistle, J. 2000, The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Modern Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press. Malossi, G. 2000, Material Man: Masculinity, Sexuality, Style. New York: H. N. Abrams. The American Heritage, 2003, Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. U. S. A.