Change Management Reflective Review free essay sample

The concept of change is more important in our lives as it enables us to face new experiences, either it be good or bad. To be safe from bad experience of change, knowledge to manage the change is compulsory for everyone. Therefore, change management is the set of techniques, principal and skills to manage change of people to attain the stated result of change. * Self-evaluation Change Management enables me to understand the principals, challenges, methods of change and implementation of main changes in an organization. Now, I have skills to handle dynamic situations efficiently and effectively. It will also support me to lead and manage changes in my personal life by using self-awareness and self-management tools. Therefore I have the capability of self-analysis, to establish strong plans and implement them in an effective way for personal change and organisational change. In addition, from my experience of this subject’s classes, I can say that it also aided me to work in a group with different culture members and I felt comfortable and enjoy while working with the team because work was distributed among each member of the group. So no one felt the burden of work and it had also reduced stress. Key competencies of change practitioner/agent and comparison with my competencies Change practitioner may be an individual or a group who have technical skills of change which assist to lead and managing the activity of change. Change practitioner play vital role in the change process and also accomplish work effectively by using several types of competencies such as diagnostics, problem solving, communication, honesty, and so on. To know whether I have ability to act as change practitioner or not, I compare my abilities with the competencies of change practitioner in following manner: Change practitioner must have diagnostic ability which aids him to identify and clearly understand the obstacles and analyse their effect on short and long team organisation goals. Therefore it is used to inquire about the requirement of change. As a change practitioner I have ability to diagnosis the problem which breaks us to move towards mutual goals. For instance while doing group activity, I might face some problem to achieve effective results. At that moment I use my diagnosis ability to identify the problem with their impact on results and also classify need of change. While change process, problem solving ability of change practitioner, aids to determine reasonable solution of problems. He also motivates team members to accept new solutions. Then in return, organisations get positive results from the efforts of team members. After studying change management, I have ability to determine honest and reasonable solutions of problems, and ability to encourage other team members to accept new solution. Communication skill is great way to transmit the requirement for change in the organisational goals and in the responsibility and task of individual. So the practitioner communicates with employees or individuals for new ideas and plans to create effectiveness in the change process. In the context of my ability, I have the ability to transfer ideas to other persons without creating any misunderstanding. Honest change practitioner is essential for successful change. If agent is not authentic to his work, then it is misleading to others. Then in result, implementation of change has failed and productivity of organisation has come down. As per my ability I do my whole work in an honest way and also encourage others to accept authentic solutions of problem while changing. Hence, comparison between my abilities with change practitioner abilities reveals that I have required competencies to perform as a change practitioner. * Personal response to change and feel about change As per my point of view, responses to change depend upon the changing situation, if the change environment is favourable for me I choose to accept it and feel happy and motivated. On the contrary, uncertainly changed environment is unfavourable for me I choose to resist the change and feel stressful. I clear this point with the support of an illustration: I am employee in an organisation. The organisation announces that we are going to increase the salary of employees. Consequence, my personal response to change in favour and I would accept this change. On other hand, unfortunately if organisation announces that we are going to reduce the salary of employees due to recession in market then I choose resist the change and come in to stress In my sight, change shows real image of individuals to the organisation. Those individuals who accept change in a positive manner and those who struggle to survive in change environment. It indicates positive attitude or image of individual and organisation can have faith in them. On the contrary, if individual refuses to change and work against organisational goals then this individual shows unfaithful image to the organisation. Moreover, I personally feel that change is vital for me or anyone because it gives opportunity to face new challenges, technologies and people, and increase ability to make prompt decisions in change environment. It also gives an opportunity to create new policies to solve obstacles and resist with change. Lead and manage to change To survive long term in competitive world, profit or non-profit organisations have required change according to the change business environment such as globalisation, technological changes and uncertain events. There are several models developed to manage and lead the change. These models are Lewin’s change model, Kotter’s 8-step model and action research. With the support of management I would like to follow kotter’s 8-step model to manage and lead to change in the organisation. By following the steps of these models * Firstly, I create urgency of change in the workplace and communicate with others to view the need of change and importance of preforming promptly. * Secondly, I establish a guiding association of individuals to lead change and encourage association to work as a team. * In third step, I build a strong vision to assist the change efforts and also develop a plan to attain the stated vision. * In forth step, I communicate change vision and plan of attain it with team members by assistance of guiding association. In fifth step, I try to remove all obstacles to change and encourage to team member for taking risk to achieve stated vision of change * In sixth step, I generate short term wins and also give reward and recognise to that members those are involved in the improvement. * In second last step I support to current progress by promoting or hiring new members to attain vision and also refresh the process with new change agent, projects and ideas etc. * At last, I establish connection b etween new behaviour and organisational success by aids of developing leadership quality. Therefore, this model more suitable for change at a large scale in the organisation and give best direction to employees to deal with change environment in an organisation. * My ethical approaches and Impact on change process According to Dr. Albert Schweitzer, â€Å"Ethics is the name we give to our concern for good behaviour. We feel an obligation to consider not only our own personal well-being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole† (Maddux amp; Maddux, 2010). As per my consideration, ethics are the guidelines and principals governing behaviour through which I live my life and assist to take ethical decisions. Ethics have importance in change process. While dealing with change, my ethical behaviour would impact either in positive or negative way. For instance, predict I am working in an organisation as a production manager. Due to change in business environment, I decide to change in technology of production and also share every aspect of change with the high level management, employees of production department and each individual who involve in change process and also share my past experience with them so they would motivated and encourage towards change. In result, change will implement successfully and it shows my honesty, fairness towards every stakeholder in the organisation. On the other hand, if I decide to change without consulting with other parties. Consequently, it will reveal my unethical behaviour. Hence, ethical framework in the change process supports to make ethical decision and take action and it also re-evaluate the performance of me while change process . My ethics also allow me to encourage others with fair and straightforward thoughts so others can have faith in me. * Conclusion At final point, this reflective report tried to reveal the principals and other aspects of change which I acquired from change management and I have learned lots of things from the forums discussed in the subject classes. I have learned change agent competencies which will be beneficial for my personal life. It also gives knowledge about different methods of handling and lead to change in organisation or in personal life but I would like to follow Kotter’s 8-step to lead and manage the change because it gives successful result of change. It also reflects my response to change is dependent upon the situation feeling about change is positive because change gives a chance to learn something new in life. While change process, my ethical framework supports to me create belief, reputation and fairness in the eyes of others. I consider that based on change management that I have reviewed in this report I will be able to implement these in the future. I look forward to continuing to learn more about change management. Bibliography Biech, E. (2010). Leading Change: A Conversation with John P. Kotter. In E. Biech, The ASTD Leadership Handbook (pp. 89-102). United States of America: American Society for Training amp; Development. (2012). The change Agent. In E. Cameron, amp; M. Green, Making Sense of Change Management, 3rd edition (pp. 251-254). New Delhi: Kogan Page. LaMarsh, J. (2010). Change Better : Surviveand ThriveDuring Change at Work and Throughout Life. Chicago: B2 Books. Maddux, D. J. , amp; Maddux, R. B. (2010). Defination of ethics. In D. J. Maddux, amp; R. B. Maddux, Ethics in Business: Manage With Authority and Fairness, Second Edition (p. 7). United States of America : Axzo Press.

King Lear Justice Essays - Film, Arts, Literature, King Lear

King Lear: Justice Humans, like all creatures on the earth, have the privilege of the freedom of choice. There are two broad ranges of factors that affect the decisions a person makes. The first factor that affects decision making is internal and includes a person's character and intellect. The second factor is external such as environment and interaction with other people. Naturally, each decision a person makes results in a repercussion of some degree, usually either helpful or hindering, and rarely inconsequential. The concept of justice is based on the fact that decisions are always followed by consequences. It strictly adheres to the rewarding of good deeds and the punishment of evil. King Lear, a play by William Shakespeare, is a grave tragedy that is a prime example of the Elizabethan conception of justice. Lear's kingdom turns to chaos because of a break in the "Great Chain of Being" and restores to order when justice prevails. Its tragic labelling stems from the prevalence of death the just punishment for many of its characters. The deaths of Lear, Goneril, and Edmund are prime examples of justice prevailing for evil, and in Lear's case unnatural, acts. Lear's ultimate fate is death. His early demise is a direct result of breaching the "Great Chain of Being" which states that no mortal will abandon his position in the hierarchy of ranking set by God. Lear's intention of abdicating his throne is apparent from the outset and is seen in the following speech spoken during the opening scene of the play: . . . 'tis our fast intent To shake all cares and business from our age, Conferring them on younger strengths while we Unburdened crawl toward death. . .1 Evidently the splitting of Lear's kingdom and abdication of his throne is not an act of necessity, but an act toward easing the remainder of his life. Lear's disruption of the "Great Chain of Being" is in an unnatural fashion because the abdication of his kingship is without dire or mortal cause. The method of passing down his land to his heirs is also unnatural, as seen in the following excerpts: . . . Know that we have divided In three our kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We have this hour a constant will to publish Our daughters' several dowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which of you [three daughters] shall we say doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend Where nature doth with merit challenge. . . .2 Lear does not bestow his kingdom upon his eldest son, nor is he even going to bestow the largest portion of the divided kingdom upon his eldest son. He expresses his intent to split his kingdom and grant the pieces as his daughters' dowers, the largest piece being granted to whichever of the three professes to love him most. This is a violation of the natural order of commonly accepted hierarchy that states a father's estate be endowed upon his eldest son. An error in judgement and untempered release of anger are also factors contributing to Lear's downfall. Lear listens to flattery from Goneril, "I love you more than word can wield the/matter;"3 and Regan, "I find she [Goneril] names my very deed of love,/Only she comes too short. . ."4 in their bidding to profess they love Lear the most among the three daughters, but Cordelia does not compete with their flattery: Cor. Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty [Lear] According to my bond [filial], no more nor less.5 Cordelia cannot flatter Lear with praise and states that she merely loves him as a daughter should love her father, with respect and obedience. Lear is so heartbroken by his youngest, and until then his most beloved, daughter's refusal to praise him with her love that a rage ensues: Lear. Let it be so! thy truth then be they dower! For, by the sacred radiance of the sun, The mysteries of Hecate and the night; By all the operation of the orbs [stars] From whom we do exist and cease to be; Here I disclaim all my paternal care, Propinquity and property of blood, And

Free Essays on Car Polution

Car Pollution Air Pollution â€Å"According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, driving a car is the single most polluting thing that most of us do.† This is not a new problem. In the 1950’s the Los Angeles smog made headline news. Car exhaust causes health problems. There are many solutions to the problem. Laws were enacted as long as twenty years ago to control pollution caused by cars. Since then laws have been made, such as special nozzles on gas pumps that prevent vapor from getting into the air. We also have more tests on cars to make sure cars are maintained in a way that protects our environment. In cities, laws ask that more people ride on buses, and employees that drive company cars should limit the time they drive and the number of trips that they make. Cars emit several pollutants that are toxic. This causes many problems. One problem it causes is cancer. Most cars generate hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Hydrocarbons caus e eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and lung damage. Nitrogen oxide causes acid rain and leads to water quality problems. Carbon monoxide prevents oxygen from going through the lungs properly. All of these problems can be serious and affect the health of the people who live in the United States. Some solutions to the problem are: cutting down on the number of cars, traveling at steady speeds, and keeping your car in good shape. You should never over fill your gas tank. You should always use clean gas. People should buy newer cars because they are made to create less pollution. In summary, the problem of pollution from car exhaust is not new and is the single most polluting thing we do. The situation is so serious that many laws have been enacted to protect our environment. The pollutants that are emitted in car exhaust are very dangerous to our health. There are solutions to the problem if we just pay attention.... Free Essays on Car Polution Free Essays on Car Polution Car Pollution Air Pollution â€Å"According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, driving a car is the single most polluting thing that most of us do.† This is not a new problem. In the 1950’s the Los Angeles smog made headline news. Car exhaust causes health problems. There are many solutions to the problem. Laws were enacted as long as twenty years ago to control pollution caused by cars. Since then laws have been made, such as special nozzles on gas pumps that prevent vapor from getting into the air. We also have more tests on cars to make sure cars are maintained in a way that protects our environment. In cities, laws ask that more people ride on buses, and employees that drive company cars should limit the time they drive and the number of trips that they make. Cars emit several pollutants that are toxic. This causes many problems. One problem it causes is cancer. Most cars generate hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Hydrocarbons caus e eye irritation, coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and lung damage. Nitrogen oxide causes acid rain and leads to water quality problems. Carbon monoxide prevents oxygen from going through the lungs properly. All of these problems can be serious and affect the health of the people who live in the United States. Some solutions to the problem are: cutting down on the number of cars, traveling at steady speeds, and keeping your car in good shape. You should never over fill your gas tank. You should always use clean gas. People should buy newer cars because they are made to create less pollution. In summary, the problem of pollution from car exhaust is not new and is the single most polluting thing we do. The situation is so serious that many laws have been enacted to protect our environment. The pollutants that are emitted in car exhaust are very dangerous to our health. There are solutions to the problem if we just pay attention....

SAT Sections, Sample Questions and Strategies

SAT Sections, Sample Questions and Strategies The SAT consists of four required sections: Reading, Writing and Language, Math (No Calculator), Math (Calculator). There is also an optional fifth section: the essay. The Reading section and the Writing and Language section are combined to calculate your Evidence-Based Reading/Writing score. The two math sections are combined to calculate your total Math score. Before taking the test, familiarize yourself with the types of questions and time limits of each section of the SAT. This familiarity will help you feel confident and prepared on test day. SAT Reading Test The SAT Reading Test comes first, and all questions are based on passages that youll read. Youll spend over an hour on this section. Number of Questions: 52Question Type: Multiple choice based on passagesTime: 65 minutes The Reading Test measures your ability to read carefully, compare passages, understand how an author constructs an argument, and figure out what words mean from their context. Realize that this is not an English test- passages will come from not just literature, but also U.S. or world history, the social sciences, and the sciences. The Reading Test may also include info-graphics, graphs, and tables, although you will not need to use math skills to analyze these elements of the test. Sample Questions These sample questions refer to a specific passage. 1. As used in line 32, horrid most nearly meansA) shocking.B) unpleasant.C) extremely bad.D) obnoxious. 2. What statement best characterizes the relationship between Dr. McAllister and Jane Lewis?A) Dr. McAllister admires Janes honesty.B) Dr. McAllister pities Jane because of her low social status.C) Dr. McAllister feels self conscious around Jane because she makes him aware of his failures.D) Dr. McAllister is disgusted by Janes lack of education and poor hygiene. In general, the skills required for the Reading Test are those youve been learning at school and not ones you can cram in preparation for the exam. If you are good at reading a text closely and carefully, you should do well on this section. That said, you should definitely take practice tests to figure out how carefully you need to read the passages and what pace you need to set to ensure you finish in time. For many students, the Reading Test is the most challenging section when it comes to time management. SAT Writing and Language Test The Writing and Language Test also consists of questions based on passages, but the types of questions are different from those on the Reading Test. In addition, the passages are generally shorter, and youll have less time to complete the section. Number of Questions: 44Type of Questions: Multiple choice based on passagesTime: 35 minutes Like the Reading Test, some questions in the Writing and Language Test will include graphs, info-graphics, tables, and charts, but you wont need to use your math skills to arrive at an answer. Questions can ask you about the best word choice for a given context, proper grammar and word usage, organizational elements of a passage, and the best methods for presenting evidence and making an argument. In the reading test, youll be provided a passage that has sentences and locations within the text marked by numbers. Sample Questions These sample questions refer to a specific passage. Which choice makes the most effective transition between the first and second paragraph?A) NO CHANGEB) Despite these dangers,C) Because of this evidence,D) Though the action would be unpopular, To make the ideas in the passage flow logically, sentence 4 should be locatedA) where it is now.B) after sentence 1.C) after sentence 4.D) after sentence 6. Familiarize yourself with this section by taking practice tests (like those from Khan Academy and the College Board). Another way to improve your score is to brush up on grammar rules. Be sure to study conjunction, commas, colon, and semi-colon usage as well as the rules for using commonly confused words, like its vs. its and that vs. which. The score from this section is combined with the score from the Reading Test to arrive at the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score for the exam. SAT Math Exam The SAT Math Exam is comprised of two sections: SAT Math Test- No Calculator Number of Questions: 20Type of Questions: 15 multiple choice; 5 grid-inTime: 25 minutes SAT Math Test- Calculator Number of Questions: 38Type of Questions: 30 multiple choice; 8 grid-inTime: 55 minutes The results from the calculator and no calculator sections are combined to arrive at your SAT math score. The SAT Math Exam does not cover calculus. Youll need to know algebra and how to work with linear equations and systems. Youll also need to be able to interpret data represented in graphical forms, work with polynomial expressions, solve quadratic equations, and use function notation. Some questions will draw on geometry and trigonometry. Sample Questions 5x x - 2x 3 10 2x x -4In the equation above, what is the value of x?A) 3/4B) 3C) -2/5D) -3 For the following question, you may use a calculator. Grid your answer into the answer sheet.During rush hour traffic, Janet took 34 minutes to complete her 8 mile drive to work. What was her average speed during her drive. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a mile per hour. Chances are, youre better in some areas of math than others. Use the free math practice materials at Khan Academy to identify your strengths and weaknesses. Then, rather than taking entire practice math tests, you can focus on the areas you find most difficult. SAT Essay (Optional) Most colleges and universities do not require the SAT Essay, but many schools recommend it. To write the essay, youll need to sign up and pay an additional fee when you register for the SAT. You will write the SAT Essay after all students have completed the Reading, Writing and Language, and Math Tests. You will have 50 minutes to write the essay. For the essay portion of the exam, you will be asked to read a passage, and then write an essay that responds to the following prompt. The passage changes for each exam, but the prompt is always the same: Write an essay in which you explain how [the author] builds an argument to persuade [his/her] audience that [author’s claim]. In your essay, analyze how [the author] uses one or more of the features listed above (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of [his/her] argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with [the author’s] claims, but rather explain how the author builds an argument to persuade [his/her] audience. Your SAT Essay will be read and scored by two different people who will assign scores of 1 to 4 in three areas: reading, analysis, and writing. The two scores from each area are then added together to create three scores ranging from 2 to 8. To prepare for the SAT Essay, be sure to look over the sample essays on the College Board website. Youll also find some good sample essays and essay strategies at Khan Academy.

African American Study Terms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African American Study Terms - Assignment Example The miseducation of the Negro is a book that was authored by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. The core idea of the book was that African Americans of Dr. Woodson’s era were not being taught in American schools but were being conditioned and indoctrinated. He claimed that this caused them to become dependent and not seek greater things for themselves Authenticity Black Studies Black studies are an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to the study of the history, politics, and culture of Black Americans. If taken in a broader context, it also studies the culture of the entire African diaspora. Sankofa/Recovery Sankofa is a word in the Akan language which is common in Ghana. It translates as â€Å"reach back and take it†. It is represented either by a bird with its head turned back or in the shape of a stylized heart. It's often associated with the saying that it’s not wrong to go back and reclaim what you have forgotten. Erasure Erasure is a novel by Percival Everett about race and writing. The novel’s plot is about how the publishing industry is biased towards African- American writers and at times criticizes them for not writing ‘black enough’.

Power Structure, Family Dynamics, and Cultural Assimilation Essay

Power Structure, Family Dynamics, and Cultural Assimilation - Essay Example While this dynamic structure could hamper them as a family unit, it is tempered instead by a family support network. A closer examination of the text will reveal how these elements hinge upon each other. An important factor in the family dynamic of the Garca is the power structure, which is usually manipulated through distance or an intermediary source. This initially arises from their cultural background in the Dominican Republic and from the fact that their family is connected to the Torre bloodline. The Garcas are an upper-class family on 'the Island'; they are accustomed to having servants and their remaining family there still do. The servants frequently serve as semi-authority figures to the children, as illustrated on the first page by the description "When their squabbles reach a certain mother-annoying level, they are called away by their nursemaids" (p. 3). This power through distance is illustrated in the government as well, as in the case of the secret police coming to interrogate Carlos (Papi) Garca. Carlos's response is the classic response to the power-distance, for, being the weaker side of the power balance, he escapes authority by being "absent" (i.e. hiding). This passive aggressive defense can be used as an attack, as when the three older sisters show their disapproval of Sofa's boyfriend by returning home from a group outing before the couple could get to the rendezvous. This scene exhibits a delicate balance of both sides of the power-distance equation: the parents maintained control of their children distantly by having them as a group, while the sisters returning without the youngest made her absence all the more obvious and assured swift punishment. The children here are forced to act as intermediary authorities for each other, yet the three oldest sisters decide that, for their sister's best interest, "we're staging a coup we are blowing the lovers' cover." (p. 127). This power structure is again exhibited in Sofa's marriage to Otto, for she distances herself physically and emotionally from her father's authority. He, in turn, responds by becoming emotionally absent from her life. The birth of Sofa's children, especially the son named after Carlos, serve as the intermediary catalyst for their relationship to begin healing. Lastly, chronologically speaking, Yolanda uses these lessons of distance to try and reassume control of her life by returning to the Dominican Republic. She will follow the examples of her family and her heritage to escape the cyclical patterns of her American life and return to her roots. The Garca family structure provides a vital element of support for its members, yet this same structure reveals the evolution of gender roles. This evolution is rooted in the traditional gender roles in the Dominican Republic, as revealed through Manuel's efforts to limit what Sofa reads. This assumption of male dominance and female submissive domesticity are reinforced by Ta Flor's argument that she herself is a queen, for " My husband has to go to work everyday. I can sleep until noon I'm going to protest for my rights" (p.121) It is this tradition that demands that Papi provide the principal financial support and therefore be the nominal head of the

Special Educational Needs Essay Example for Free

Special Educational Needs Essay This is a transition time for Special Educational Needs and Disabilities – new legislation in the form of a green paper â€Å"Support and Aspiration† is advancing through the necessary stages and considerable changes are promised to be implemented by 2014. An understanding of the historical perspective and the future proposals contained in â€Å"Support and Aspiration† will therefore be helpful. Definitions: (From the current SEN Code of practice 2001) The Educational Act 1981 laid down a legal definition of Special Educational Needs in schools. That definition was repeated in the Educational Act 1993 and in the consolidation Education Act 1996. According to law: 1. A child has special educational needs if he or she has a learning difficulty which calls for special educational provision to be made for him or her. 2. A child has a learning difficulty if he or she: a) has a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the majority of children of the same age b) has a disability which either prevents or hinders the child from making use of educational facilities of a kind provided for children of the same age in schools within the area of the local education authority c) is under five and falls within the definition at (a) or (b) above. The following children fall outside the legal definition of Special Educational Needs a) Those whose language at home is different from the language in which they are taught at school b) gifted children Anticipated changes Summarized from https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/Green-Paper-SEN.pdf The Green Paper, Support and Aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability, sets out the government’s intention to radically reform the current system for identifying, assessing and supporting children and young people who are disabled or have SEN, and their families. The Green Paper proposals and the Government’s wider reforms in education and health will make the best use of limited resources through better planning, streamlining assessment processes, making the system less adversarial and focusing on achieving better outcomes. Reforms are already being tested through local pathfinders, developing the knowledge and skills that will be needed for their successful implementation, and making sure that the right measures are in place to hold services to account. The lessons learnt from the pathfinders will help shape the changes. In the Green Paper the government pledges by 2014 to introduce: †¢ A single assessment process which is more streamlined, better involves children, young people and families and is completed quickly; †¢ An Education, Health and Care Plan which brings services together and is focused on improving outcomes; and †¢ An offer of a personal budget for families with an Education, Health and Care Plan. The government intends to introduce legislation through a Children and Families Bill to implement the changes to the law required for the Green Paper reforms. A draft bill will be published in summer 2012 for consultation and pre-legislative scrutiny. Application It is not yet clear how the changes will impact schools or what adjustments will be required in administration and â€Å"grass-roots† provision. Tutors will inform students of changes as they emerge.