The Effect of Red Cabbage in Sperm Quality of Mus Musculus Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Red Cabbage in Sperm Quality of Mus Musculus Essay Our human species is not exactly known for its willingness to comply with divine instruction. But when God said unto them â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply†, they were more than eager to comply. They took the task to heart. They turned a duty into a pleasure. The majority of couples had no problem. A minority, however, were distressed because of delay or inability to conceive and bring forth children. Medicine tried to help them to conceive naturally. There remained, however, a group who could not reproduce naturally without assistance. Infertility affects more than 80 million people worldwide. In general, one in ten couples experiences primary or secondary infertility, but infertility rates vary amongst countries from less than 5% to more than 30%. The increasing prevalence of infertility cases is becoming a major public health problem in developing countries (WHO, 2002). The term â€Å"infertility† refers to inability to conceive after having regular unprotected sex. Infertility can also refer to the biological inability of an individual to contribute to conception, or to a female who cannot carry a pregnancy full term (Medical News Today, 2009). Though infertility was traditionally considered a woman’s issue, research has demonstrated that approximately 40 percent of infertility is due in part or entirely to male factors (Essay Empire, 2012). More than 90% of male infertility cases are known to be due to low sperm quality. In 30 – 40% cases of sperm abnormality, the main cause remains unknown but the rest could be due to health problems such as chronic disease, lack of nutrition, genetic abnormality and environmental factors. One of the contributing factors that affect sperm quality is the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (Abdul Aziz, Farid and Mahanem Mat Noor, 2010). Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive oxidizing agents (free radicals). They have long been known to be a component of the killing response of immune cells to microbial invasion (Paul Held, 2010). They are formed at various organs including the testes. Previous studies explained that testicular cells are well equipped with enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidants to maintain redox homeostasis and prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, excessive formation of ROS may over-ride antioxidant defenses and results in oxidative stress that induced permanent damaged to testicular cells. Oxidative stress consequently results in abnormal sperm production and function. Therefore, natural antioxidants could possibly be able to minimize generation of an excess ROS and subsequently protect the testicular damage (Abdul Aziz et. al. , 2010). In recent times, the field of â€Å"green medicine† has witnessed a renaissance of interest as drugs of herbal origin are relatively inexpensive, accessible, and onsidered to be safe compared to synthetic counterparts (Parek and Chanda 2006; Venkatesh and Krishnakumari 2006). Drugs of herbal origin therefore, remain the main source of active drugs from a natural source and are still indispensable in the traditional field of alternative medicine for treating a number of diseases. According to the World Health Organization (1996), about 80% of the world’s population depends on alternative medicines. Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L; Fam, Brassicaceae) is a commonly used dietary supplement that is rich in anthocyanins such as, cyanidin-3diglucoside-5-glucoside derivatives with various acylated groups connected to the diglucoside, mostly sinapoyl esters (Wu and Prior, 2005; Lo Scalzo, R. , Genna, A. , Branca, F. , Chedin, M. and Chassaigne, H. , 2008). Also, the presence of natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, ? -tocopherol and ? -carotene, lutein, and so on has been reported in the red cabbage extracts (Jagdish Singh, Upadhyay, AK. , Bahadur, A. , Singh, B. , Singh, KP. nd Mathura, Rai 2006). Many reports link Brassica vegetable intakes with reduced risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and cancer. The beneficial biological properties of these vegetables have been partially attributed to their dietary antioxidants. Despite the widespread use of red cabbage as dietary supplement, there is no literature on pharmacological evaluation of its effect on sperm quality. Present study was therefore undertaken to identify whether the extract of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. show any effects on sperm count, sperm morphology and sperm motility.

Assessment of UK Policy Approaches to Poverty Reduction

Assessment of UK Policy Approaches to Poverty Reduction Compare, contrast and critically assess two differing approaches to the relief of poverty. Introduction Poverty is a social problem and how best to deal with it has been the object of study and research since the nineteenth century. Townsend (1979) has defined poverty thus: Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diets, participate in the activities and have the living conditions which are customary, or at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies to which they belong. Townsend (1979:31). This paper will look at two approaches to the relief of poverty. The Beveridge approach of full employment and social ensurance, and the welfare to work approach of the New Right and New Labour. There will be a comparison of the differences between these two approaches in terms of their underlying ideologies. The strengths and weaknesses of both approaches will then be examined in the light of a feminist critique. Beveridge and the Welfare State In 1906 what is known as social protection, a range of state benefits aimed at relieving poverty in the general population, began with various Acts, the most important being the introduction of pensions. The Welfare State as we know of it today became fully established between 1946 and 1948 following the 1942 publication of the Beveridge report. This said that there were five giants which were the underlying causes of poverty, these were disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness and want. The report suggested a system which was aimed at relieving poverty through the introduction of a number of measures including National Assurance. This was a system of benefits that were based on everyone paying some money out of what they earned to the Government. This was National Insurance, those who did not pay this were entitled to the safety net of National Assistance. This was to be made available to all people at times of greatest need. It was never envisaged that people would be reliant on it fo r a good part of their adult life. National Assistance eventually became known as social security (Moore et al, 2002). At the same time the Government also introduced the National Health Service. In addition to this it extended the state education system in 1944 to include secondary education, raising the school leaving age to fifteen. The policies that resulted from the Beveridge Report tried to ensure that people would be looked after from the cradle to the grave. Post-War welfare reform was basically a war on poverty and was based on a vision of full employment and a social contract between the Government and the members of society each of whom had equal responsibility for their welfare.The system grew out of the thinking of the economist John Milton Keynes. It became known as universal welfare provision where the state was involved in people’s lives at all levels (Giddens, 2001). The post-war government also introduced a system of benefits for couples with children in the Family Allowances Act of 1945, this later (1975) became known as Child Benefit which replaced family allowance and tax benefits for families with children. It was payable to all families for each child. The National Health Service grew out of the publishing of a National Health Services Bill by Anuerin Bevan in 1946. Healthcare and hospitalisation were envisioned as being free at the point of access but by the 1950s the Government were forced to introduce some charges for dentistry, spectacles and prescriptions to ease the growing tax burden (Marsh et al, 2000).. The Post War welfare state was based on theories of full employment. It had not envisioned massive unemployment and the resultant reduction in tax revenue. Butler (1993).notes that there have been differing views on government’s role in welfare provision and it is only in recent years that there has been a consensus on this. It is not however, a consensus that benefits the vast majority of the population. The New Right and New Labour In 1979 the Conservative Government headed by Margaret Thatcher came to power. Government debastes centered around a free market economy versus the welfare state. The new government introduced measures that would roll back the welfare state and control spending. They did this by introducing marketing concepts and business strategies into policy making. They also began an intense process of privatization because it was thought that public ownership of companies, and the public sector in general undermined market forces. Introducing marketing principles into social care allow Governments to (hypothetically at least) improve services. It also enables a government to retain a greater degree of control. Giddens (2001) says that: †¦the momentum of Thatcherism in economic matters was maintained by the privatising of public companies†¦..(this)..is held to reintroduce healthy economic competition in place of unwieldy and ineffective public bureaucracies, reduce public expenditure and end political interference in managerial decisions (Giddens, 2001:434). The introduction of market forces into social care was considered the best way of allocating resources because free markets were considered to be self organising (Olssen 2000).It was anticipated that this would increase productivity and improve care while at the same time being cost efficient. Government discourses, both Conservative and New Labour have revolved around the notion that the introduction of market mechanisms would result in a more equitable system. Alcock (1994) has argued that the Conservative policies which rolled back the welfare state and introduced changes into social care and the benefits system resulted in greater unemployment, a rise in the number of homeless people, and a general growth in social inequality. In 1997 the Conservative Government was voted out and New Labour came into power, with its New Deal promising a hand up not a hand out. It was believed that the introduction of market forces would improve the economy. In reality it has had the effect of excluding some people from mainstream society and led to the setting up by the present Government of the Social Exclusion Unit in 1997. This Unit is an example of the contradictions engaged in by policy makers in a free market economy. On the one hand the general philosophical approach of both this Government and its predecessor has been on the responsibility of the individual. This is nowhere better expressed than in Labour’s New Deal Documentation. The present Government with its talk of a third way have continued to build on the policies introduced by the Conservatives and it is here that theorists maintain there is a new consensus. Means testing has not only continued but increased and this is nowhere more evident than in the Government’s policy on employment. Job seekers allowance is dependent on a person actively seeking work and Job Centres now have the powers to stop a person’s benefits if they are not seen to be pro-active in finding a job. Under New Labour many of the welfare reforms introduced by the Conservatives have been continued yet the Prime Minister maintains that his party differs from the old way of universal provision and from the New Right policies of the Conservatives. New Labour, he maintains, offers a third way. This draws on ideas from a number of areas and stresses the importance of business success in providing wealth for society and reducing unemployment. This view also promises freedom from discrimination based on gender, race, age and disability. Critics maintain that this view is little more than conservativism with some bolt ons. Universal Provision or the New Right? Welfare provision arises from society’s concerns for social justice and the redistribution of wealth (Sears, 2001)The post-war welfare state claimed to be based upon the idea of universal provision. That is to say that everyone in a certain category would receive a given benefit rather than having to prove their entitlement by means testing. In reality even in the early days of the welfare state few provisions were truly universal because most of them were means tested (Moore et al, 2002). Post-War welfare provision was largely a result of the activities of the social democrats. In this approach the Government in power should ensure that every citizen has the right to be free of poverty and healthcare should be provided on the basis of need rather than the ability to pay. Poverty stems from the idea that modern society produces people who are victims, the unemployed, the disabled, and those who suffer from long term illness. The duty of the state is to look after such people ( Giddens, 2001). Many commentators however are of the opinion that the welfare state failed to deliver its promises. Alcock (1994) has argued that while the post-war welfare state may not have been successful it had attempted to bring about equality in society. He maintains that the Conservative Government that was in power from 1979-1997 arguably actively pursued policies that created greater inequalities. Conservative and New Right thinking (and in this one should include New Labour) do not subscribe to the victims approach but believe that each individual is largely responsible for their own welfare. This approach is not really new, it dates back to the Elizabethan Poor Laws and most particularly to the reforms of that law in the 1830s. it argues that state services are not efficient and that welfare should be provided through the market, the family and charity, this encouraged self-reliance. New Right policies, it is argued, hit the poorest in society. Under the Conservatives the wages of those at the lower end of the labour market fell to an extent where some people were earning less than they would have receive on benefits. As a result of this the Government introduced benefits such as the Family Credit system to subsidise wages (Deakin, 1994). These kinds of policies harked back to the Poor Law where the poor were required to work for the poor relief that they received, such policies also make a distinction between the deserving and undeserving poor, whereas the welfare state in many ways appeared more equitable. However, some theorists maintain that this type of provision was only possible because it was based on the subordination of one set of people to another. Feminist Approaches Feminists argue that we live in a society that for centuries has worked for the benefit of men and that the cost has been borne by women. Thus social policy is based on an existing set of social inequalties (Abbott and Wallace, 1997). Oakley (1982) has long maintained that the welfare state and its legislation operates for the benefit of the wider economy and for the worker. As a result of the nineteenth century distinction between the public and private spheres, and women’s banishment from the workplace, those who benefit from this legislation are men. The whole system is based on traditional notions of the family where the man is the breadwinner and his wife and children are dependants. This concept if the family and the fact that both males and females are socialized into different gender roles means that women have been disadvantaged in the education system, in the workplace, and in the wider society. Feminists have lobbied for equal pay for equal work and against sexual h arassment and discrimination in the workplace. While feminists will allow that the welfare state has played some role in advancing women’s independence e.g. the provision of benefits to women who leave violent partners, and legislation on pay, it also tends to reinforce traditional gender roles. (Moore et al, 2002). Conclusion This assignment has looked at different types of welfare provision and then compared their ideological underpinnings. It has also given a feminist critique of welfare in general. It would seem that there is no easy answer for policy makers, and perhaps nothing short of a total redistribution of wealth in society would alleviate the increasing spread of poverty in the world. Bibliography Abbott, P and Wallace, C (1997) An Introduction to Sociology, Feminist Perspectives Routledge, London. Alcock, P. 1994 â€Å"Back to the Future: Victorian Values for the 21st Century† in Murray, C. 1994 Underclass: The Crisis Deepens London, IEA Beveridge, William (1944). Full Employment in a Free Society. London: Allen and Unwin Butler, A. 1993 â€Å"The end of post war consensus† Political Quarterly Vol 64 No. 4 pp 435-446 Deakin, N. 1994 The Politics of Welfare Hemel Hempstead, Harvester Wheatsheaf Giddens, A. 2001 4th ed. Sociology Cambridge, Polity Press Marsh, Keating and Eyre et al 2000 2nd ed. Sociology: Making Sense of Society Essex, Pearson Education Moore, S. Scourfield, P. Sinclair, S. Burch, S. and Wendon, B. 3rd ed. 2002 Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes. Oakley, A (1982) Subject Woman, Fontana, London Olssen, M. 2000 â€Å"Ethical liberalism, education and the New Right† Journal of Educational Policy Vol 15No. 5 2000 pps 481-508 Sears, M 2001 â€Å"Welfare with or without the state: British Pluralists, American Progressives, and the Conditions of Social Justice† The European Legacy Vol 6 No. 2 pp. 201-213 2001 Townsend, P. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth, Penguin. http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html

Dead Poet society :: essays research papers

â€Å"I want to make them free thinkers† says Mr Keating to Mr McAllister. This essay will define the meaning of â€Å"free thinker†, its importance to the young men of Mr Keating's class, the meaning of Mr Keating's statement and finally the different impacts that this new way of thinking has on the boys. A â€Å"Freethinker† as defined by The Macquarie Dictionary is â€Å"someone who forms their opinions independently of authority or tradition, especially in matters of religion†. Therefore a free thinker is someone who can produce ideas for themselves and is not solely reliant on the thoughts and actions of others to predetermine their life path. To pass from childhood to adulthood is usually an adjustment from following the rules and regulations of figures in society such as parents and teachers to making conscience independent decisions about future actions based on one's own beliefs and ideas. Often this pathway is a difficult voyage and those who go through are usually aided by mentors that they can get guidance from. Mr Keating in the Dead Poets Society was such a mentor for a group of confused young men who had been used to convention and stifling of creativity and freethinking all of their time at Welton Preparatory School for Boys. What Mr Keating means by â€Å"i want to make them free thinkers† is that he wants the young men of his English class all to live a fulfilled life and to do this they must stop following the set structure like a herd of sheep following one and another For example in the movie â€Å"Dead Poet Society† when Mr Keating gets all the boys within his English class to ripe out the introduction entitled â€Å"Understanding Poetry† by Dr. J. Evans Pritchard, Ph.D. Evans explains Poetry by being able to be graded on a graph to determan if a poem is good or not. Mr Keating gets the boys to understand that you can not tell if a poem is good or not by a graph but by how much it means to you and the way it makes you feel. This is becoming a free thinker not using a set structure but actually understanding and appreciating it. He also believes that you can not set an age where free thinking should begin and it should be something that happens all throughout life. For the boys t o learn and accomplish the things that Mr Keating wants them to within his class, they must think with there minds and not using a book.

Golden Days of Placerville :: essays research papers

Approximately forty-five miles east of Sacramento, California, is the friendly town of Placerville, which marks a major â€Å"Gold Rush† historical landmark in the United States. In the early days of this small gold mining boomtown, Placerville was known as â€Å"Hangtown.† If you come into town, you will see the sign of Placerville, and underneath it you will see its nickname reading, â€Å"Old Hangtown.† Nooses can be seen all over town, on police cars, on historical landmark signs – even at the firehouse and on the Placerville City Seal. Placerville has a great deal of history behind its name. Many people who pass through the town, or even those that live there, don’t realize the history behind the town. There are different accounts on how Placerville attained the name of Hangtown, but the most famous is an episode that occurred one January night in 1849. A gambler named Lopez hit it rich at a local saloon. After he retired for the evening, several robbers tried to overpower him. Lopez fought back like a tiger, and with the help of others, the robbers were captured and beaten like pià ±atas. Three of the robbers had been wanted for previous robberies, as well as for murder at a gold camp on the Stanislaus River. A thirty-minute trial was held for the robbers and after a unanimous â€Å"guilty† verdict, the crowd called out, â€Å"Hang 'em! Hang 'em!† The most historic location in Placerville is the 147-year-old Hangman’s Tree Saloon. On the outside wall of the building is a weathered dummy in jeans, cowboy boots, and pink flannel shirt that dangles lifelessly from a wood block. Inside the saloon, where a noose swings on a fake tree, it is said that the hangman’s ghost lingers there. What used to be Elstner’s Hay Yard is where the original tree used to stand, from which the people originally hung. The dummy still hangs from that same location to this day. Actually, Hangtown conducted only a small number of hangings. Just one year later, in 1850, Hangtown was renamed Placerville and was named after the placer deposits of placer gold found in the river bed between Spanish Ravine and the town plaza. The town of Placerville began with the Gold Rush in California in the 1840’s. Gold was discovered in the tailrace at Sutter’s Mill in Coloma, which is about ten miles from Old Hangtown, in 1848.

The Battles Before The Battle Between The States :: essays research papers

The Battles Before The Battle Between The States Warning: THE COMMENTARY IN THE FOLLOWING IS THE SOLE PRODUCT OF THE AUTHOR, AND MAY CONTAIN SOME BIAS DUE TO THE BIAS CONTENT OF THE AUTHOR’S SOURCE OF INFORMATION, PLEASE READ WITH CARE. In 1861 the United States declared war on the seceded Confederate States of America. This war is more popularly known as the Civil War or the War Between the States. The war was a conflict that was inevitable because of the progression of dislike between the slave holding states and the free ones. The war had to happen because of the many disagreements that caused tension between the slave holding South and the free states in the North. There are many things that one party did to upset the other. One of the first notable things that started the disagreement between the North and the South was the idea of â€Å"Popular Sovereignty.† â€Å"Popular Sovereignty† was an idea created by Senator Lewis Cass, who said that the Missouri Compromise was out dated and that the citizens of a territory should "regulate their own internal concerns." (p. 459) Many Southern citizens liked the idea of â€Å"Popular Sovereignty,† for the reason that they could move their slaves to "undecided" territories. With this point for the South the North came back with one of their own. The North, battling in the government, decided to join three parties into one to create the Free-Soil party. Those three parties were "rebellious Democrats, Antislavery Whigs, and members of the Antislavery Liberty party." (p. 460) One of the main reasons that the Free-Soil party was created was to give voters a new party to choose from, rather than the two other main parties. In the 1848 election the Free-Soil party upset a small, but significant part of the vote, receiving 10.1 percent of the popular vote. Having one significant issue that the opposition did not care for, the great trio of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster had something up their sleeves. One of the greatest debates of the time, the Great Compromise, brought forth eight resolutions that solved all the issues. The eight resolutions are as follows: 1) Admit California as a free state, 2) organize the remainder of the Southwest with out restriction as to slavery, 3) deny Texas its extreme claim to a Rio Grande boundary up to its source, 4) compensate Texas for this by assuming the Texas debt, 5) uphold slavery in District of Colombia, 6) but abolish the slave trade across its boundaries, 7) adopt a more effective fugitive slave act, 8) and deny congressional authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade. The Battles Before The Battle Between The States :: essays research papers The Battles Before The Battle Between The States Warning: THE COMMENTARY IN THE FOLLOWING IS THE SOLE PRODUCT OF THE AUTHOR, AND MAY CONTAIN SOME BIAS DUE TO THE BIAS CONTENT OF THE AUTHOR’S SOURCE OF INFORMATION, PLEASE READ WITH CARE. In 1861 the United States declared war on the seceded Confederate States of America. This war is more popularly known as the Civil War or the War Between the States. The war was a conflict that was inevitable because of the progression of dislike between the slave holding states and the free ones. The war had to happen because of the many disagreements that caused tension between the slave holding South and the free states in the North. There are many things that one party did to upset the other. One of the first notable things that started the disagreement between the North and the South was the idea of â€Å"Popular Sovereignty.† â€Å"Popular Sovereignty† was an idea created by Senator Lewis Cass, who said that the Missouri Compromise was out dated and that the citizens of a territory should "regulate their own internal concerns." (p. 459) Many Southern citizens liked the idea of â€Å"Popular Sovereignty,† for the reason that they could move their slaves to "undecided" territories. With this point for the South the North came back with one of their own. The North, battling in the government, decided to join three parties into one to create the Free-Soil party. Those three parties were "rebellious Democrats, Antislavery Whigs, and members of the Antislavery Liberty party." (p. 460) One of the main reasons that the Free-Soil party was created was to give voters a new party to choose from, rather than the two other main parties. In the 1848 election the Free-Soil party upset a small, but significant part of the vote, receiving 10.1 percent of the popular vote. Having one significant issue that the opposition did not care for, the great trio of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster had something up their sleeves. One of the greatest debates of the time, the Great Compromise, brought forth eight resolutions that solved all the issues. The eight resolutions are as follows: 1) Admit California as a free state, 2) organize the remainder of the Southwest with out restriction as to slavery, 3) deny Texas its extreme claim to a Rio Grande boundary up to its source, 4) compensate Texas for this by assuming the Texas debt, 5) uphold slavery in District of Colombia, 6) but abolish the slave trade across its boundaries, 7) adopt a more effective fugitive slave act, 8) and deny congressional authority to interfere with the interstate slave trade.

Assignment – Principle to Accounting

Question 1 (Total 10 Marks) Instructions: Indicate in which journal the transactions given below would be recorded by placing the appropriate journal abbreviation in the space provided. AbbreviationJournal GJGeneral Journal CBCash & Bank Book SJSales Journal SRSales Return Journal PJPurchases Journal PRPurchases Return Journal CB 1. Received cash on outstanding amount from customer. SR 2. Customer returned merchandise sold on account. CB 3. Sold merchandise to customer for cash. GJ 4. Owner withdrew merchandise for personal use. GJ 5.Paid shipping charges on merchandise purchased on account. GJ 6. Purchased office equipment on credit. PJ 7. Credit purchase from supplier. GJ 8. Recorded adjusting entries. SR 9. Returned damage merchandise to supplier which has not paid yet. SJ 10. Sold merchandise to customer on account. Question 2 (Total 22 Marks) Instructions: Given the entry information in Silva Trading, prepare appropriate entries for the month of August 2012: 0. Aug. 1Sold mercha ndise for cash $300. Dr Cash$300 Cr Sales$300 1. Aug. 2Purchased merchandise from ABC Co. n account for $5,000; terms 2/10, n/30. 2. Aug. 4Sold excess land for $7,000 accepting a 2-year, 12% note. The land was purchased for $7,000 last year. 3. Aug. 6Sold merchandise to D. Stone on account for $930, terms 2/10, n/30. 4. Aug. 8Accepted a sales return of defective merchandise from D. Stone—credit granted was $280. 5. Aug. 11Purchased merchandise from Tanner Hardware on account for $1,800; terms 1/10, n/30. 6. Aug. 12Paid freight of $200 on the shipment from ABC Co. in cash. 7. Aug. 15Received payment in full from D. Stone by cash. 8. Aug. 19Paid ABC Co. n full by cheque. 9. Aug. 20Paid Tanner Hardware in full by cheque. 10. Aug. 27Purchased office supplies for $250 cash. Question 2 Answer: |Date |Account |Debit ($) |Credit ($) | |Aug. 1 |Cash |300 | | | |Sales | |300 | |Aug. |Purchases |5,000 | | | |ABC Co. | |5,000 | |Aug. 4 |Notes receivable |7,000 | | | |Land | |7,000 | |Aug . 6 |D.Stone |930 | | | |Sales | |930 | |Aug. 8 |Sales return |280 | | | |D. Stone | |280 | |Aug. 1 |Purchases |1,800 | | | |Tanner Hardware | |1,800 | |Aug. 12 |Carriage inward |200 | | | |Cash | |200 | |Aug. 5 |Cash |637 | | | |Discount allowed |13 | | | |D. Stone | |650 | |Aug. 19 |ABC Co. |5,000 | | |Bank | |5,000 | |Aug. 20 |Tanner Hardware |1,800 | | | |Bank | |1,782 | | |Discount received | |18 | |Aug. 7 |Office supplies |250 | | | |Cash | |250 | Question 3 (Total 48 Marks) Instructions: Based on your entries done in Question 2, prepare, for the month of August 2012: a) Adjusted trial balance (24 Marks) b) Income statement (12 Marks) c) Balance sheet (12 Marks)Silva Trading Trial Balance as at July 31, 2012 ————————————————————————— Account TitlesDr. Cr. ————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Cash500 Bank9,075 Prepaid Insurance2,000 Freehold Lands31,000 Notes Payable26,000 F. Santos, Capital15,000 F. Santos, Drawing2,000 Sales17,125 Purchase6,400 Salaries Expense4,000 Supplies Expense1,500 Insurance Expense1,200 Interest Expense500 Interest Payable 50 Total58,17558,175 Question 3(a) Answer: Silva Trading Trial Balance for the period ended 31st August 2012 Account Titles |Debit ($) |Credit($) | |Cash |987 | | |Bank |2293 | | |Prepaid Insurance |2000 | | |Freehold Lands |24000 | | |Notes Payable | |26000 | |F. Santos, Capital | |15000 | |F.Santos, Drawing |2000 | | |Sales | |18355 | |Purchase |13200 | | |Salaries Expense |4000 | | |Supplies Expense |1500 | | |Insurance Expense 1200 | | |Interest Expense |500 | | |Interest Payable | |50 | |Notes receivable |7000 | | |Sales return |280 | | |Discount allowed |13 | | |Discount received | |18 | |Carriage inwards |200 | | |Office supplies |250 | | | |_____ |_____ | |Total |59423 |59423 | Question 3(b) Answer: Silva Trading Income statement for the period 31st August 2012 Sales | |18355 | |-Sales return | |280 | | | |18075 | |-Discount allowed | |13 | |Net sales | |18062 | | | | |-Cost of sales | | | |Purchases |13200 | | |-Discount received |18 | | | |13182 | | |Carriage inwards |200 | | | | |13382 | |Gross profit | |4680 | | | | | | | | | |Expenses | | | |Salaries Expense |4000 | | |Supplies Expense |1500 | | |Insurance Expense |1200 | | |Interest Expense |500 | | | | |7200 | |Net loss | |(2520) | Silva Trading Balance sheet as at 31st August 2012 |Non-current assets | | | |Freehold Lands | 24000 | |Office supplies | |250 | |Notes receivable | |7000 | | | |31250 | |Current Assets | | | |Cash |987 | | |Bank |2293 | | |Prepaid Insurance |2000 | | | |5280 | | |Current Liabilities | | | |Notes Payable |26000 | | |Interest Payable |50 | | | |26050 | | | | | | |Works capital | |(20770) | | | |10480 | |Owner’s Equity | | | |Early Capital | |15000 | |-Drawing | |2000 | | | |13000 | |-Net loss | |(2520) | | | |10480 |

Coal Bed Methane

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 1. 1 About CBM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 1. 2 Origin of methane†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 0 CBM In India, An Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2. 1 India’s Energy Scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 2 CBM Activities In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 2. 3 Development Of CBM In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. 4 CBM Statistics In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 3. 0 CBM Reserves & Indian Status†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 3. 1 CBM Reserves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 3. 2 CBM Production Status In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 3. Development Of CBM, Indian Initiative†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 4. 0 CBM Projects In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 5. 1 CBM Current Projects In India (By CIL)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 5. 2 CBM Miscellaneous Projects In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 5. 0 CBM Market In India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 6. 3 Cost Benefit Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 6. 4 Market Competitors & Their Share†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 6. 5 SWOT Analysis For Different Companies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 6. 0 Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Rounds in India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 7. CBM Round I & II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 7. 7. 1 Allotment In Round-I (under First Order of Bidding)†¦.. 17 7. 7. 2 Blocks Awarded On Nomination Basis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 7. 7. 3 Blocks Awarded Under CBM Policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 7. 7 Round- II Awarding Of Blocks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 7. 8 Allotment In Round-III †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 7. 0 Development Of CBM (Indian Initiatives) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 8. 9 Indian Policies for CBM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 8. 10 Fiscal Terms †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 8. 0 CBM Future In India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 9. 11 Challenges In Implementation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 9. 12 Prospects Of CBM In India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 8. 3 Opportunities Of CBM In India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 8. 4 Awareness About CBM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 9. 0 Concluding Remarks †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 10. 0 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 ABOUT CBM The  history  of CBM goes back to 1908, when the organization was founded by the German Pastor  Ernst Jacob Christoffel. Since then, CBM has become one of the leading professional organizations for people with disabilities worldwide.Currently, CBM supports over 1000 projects in over 100 countries. CBM's vision is of an inclusive world in which all persons with disabilities enjoy their human rights and achieve their full potential. 1. 2 ORIGIN OF METHANE Coal bed methane evolves during the transformation of the organic matter in the swamp, which later converts into peat after burial under reducing condition. As temperature increases the peat converts into lignite followed by sub-bituminous, bituminous low-volatile medium volatile, high volatile anthracite and graphite.This process is known as coalification. During this process at early stage biogenic methane evolves, later thermogenic methane is formed. Much of the me thane generated by the coalification process escapes to the surface or migrates into adjacent reservoir or other rocks, but a portion is trapped within the coal itself. In early stages of coalification, biogenic methane is generated as a by-product of bacterial respiration. Aerobic bacteria (those that use oxygen in respiration) first metabolize any free oxygen left in the plant remains and surrounding sediments.In fresh water environments, methane production begins immediately after the oxygen is depleted. Species of anaerobic bacteria (those that don’t use oxygen) then reduce carbon dioxide and produce methane through anaerobic respiration. When a coal’s temperature underground reaches about122 °F and after a sufficient amount of time, most of the biogenic methane has been generated, and about two-thirds of the original moisture has been expelled, the coal attains an approximate rank of sub-bituminous.As the temperature increases above 122 °F through increased bu rial or increased geothermal gradient, thermogenic processes begin and additional water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are generated as coalification proceeds to approximately the rank of high-volatile bituminous. Maximum generation of carbon dioxide, with little methane generation occurs at about 210 °F. Generation of thermogenic methane begins in the higher ranks of the high volatile bituminous coals, and at about 250 °F, generation of methane exceeds generation of carbon dioxide. Maximum generation of methane from coal occurs at about 300 °F.With even higher temperatures and higher rank coals, methane is still generated, but at somewhat lower volumes. Primarily adsorbed on or absorbed within micro pores of the coal. Coal bed methane is found associated with the coal/ lignite beds. This is the product that evolves during the process of coalification generally more in quantity than the coal can hold. Some of the gas escapes in the surroundings but some of it lie in the coal un der hydraulic pressure. Coal is unique in its behaviour as it acts as a source as well as a reservoir rock. Generally the gas content increases with rank. 2. CBM IN INDIA, AN OVERVIEW India is potentially rich in CBM. The major coal fields and CBM blocks in Indian are shown in Fig. The Directorate General of Hydrocarbons of India estimates that deposits in major coal fields (in twelve states of India covering an area of 35,400 km2) contain approximately 4. 6 TCM of CBM. Coal in these basins ranges from high volatile to low-volatile bituminous with high ash content (10 to 40 percent), and its gas content is between 3-16 m3/ton depending on the rank of the coal, depth of burial, and geotectonic settings of the basins as estimated by the CMPDI.In the Jharia Coalfield which is considered to be the most prospective area, the gas content is estimated to be between 7. 3 and 23. 8 m3 per ton of coal within the depth range of 150m to 1200 m. Analysis indicates every 100-m increase in depth i s associated with a 1. 3 m3 increase of methane content. In India, commercial CBM production is yet to be started in full pace. Few E;P companies like ONGC Ltd. , GEECL and Essar Oil have started production, but field development is yet to be completed.India ranks 134th out of 182 countries, the same as in 2006, in the 2009 Human Development Report and is home to 60-80 million people with disabilities (PWDs). CBM regional office for the South Asia Region has prioritised implementation of programs in states which have high percentages of people below the poverty line and high number of people with disabilities. CBM started to extend its support to India in 1967 and in 1975 the South Asia Regional Office was established in Trichy, Tamil Nadu to coordinate activities in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.In 1994, the Regional Offices in North and South were established to cater to the growing projects supported by CBM. 2. 1 INDIA’S ENERGY SCENARIO * India is one of the faste st growing economies. * The GDP growth is over 8%, likely to increase to over 10% in near future. * This GDP growth is required to eradicate poverty and meet country’s human development goal. * To sustain such growth 3/4 fold increase in primary energy requirement envisaged. * Integrated Energy Policy Document indicates total energy requirement of the country will increase from a current level of about 500 MTOe to 2000 MTOe by 2031-32. Efforts are on to utilize all possible energy resource- renewable, non-renewable, coal based additional resource etc to meet this gigantic target. 2. 2 CBM ACTIVITIES IN INDIA 1967 CBM extends support to India and the first Regional Office of CBM was opened in Trichy in 1975 for India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. 1975 The comprehensive ophthalmic health program for Thiruchirapalli was started in Joseph Eye Hospital. Community ophthalmology was born! 1977 The first Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) project at Musiri started with single d isability. 1979Concept of integrated education was promoted by CBM. CBM has been included as a member of the Committee of the Rehabilitation Council of India dealing with Visual Impairment. 1999 Together with other NGOs and WHO, CBM initiates â€Å"VISION 2020: The Right to Sight†, a global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness by the year 2020. 2004 CBM awarded by the Indian Govt. in appreciation of exemplary contribution towards elimination of Avoidable Blindness in India. 2006 CBM with other NGOs initiated programmed of Sound Hearing 2030. WHO SEARO has been supporting this initiative. . 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CBM IN INDIA Commercial production of CBM started and during 2008-09 it was 0. 15 MMSCMD (million Std cubic meter per day). The CBM production is expected to increase to 3. 6 MMSCMD by 2011-12 and to 7. 14 by 2014 2. 4 CBM STATISTICS IN INDIA * CBM Resource: 3. 4 TCM (CMPDI Estimate: 2008) * 26 Blocks allotted for Commercial Development * Production potenti al: 38 Million Cubic Meters per day, which can support power generation of 6700 MW. * Commercial production of CBM started and was 0. 15 million cubic meters per day. * Expected to rise to 3. million cubic meters per day in 2011-12, showing 24 fold growth in 2 years. * Allotment of 8 more blocks under consideration of the Govt. 3. 0 CBM RESERVES ; INDIAN STATUS 3. 1 CBM RESERVES IN INDIA SNo. | State| Coal Fields/Block| Area (Sq. Km)| CBM resources (BCM)| 1| West Bengal| Raniganj EastRaniganj NorthRaniganj SouthBirbhum| 1330| 144| 2| Jharkhand| JhariaBokaroNorth KaranpuraNorth Karanpura (West)South KaranpuraRajmahal| 1857| 322. 1| 3| Madhya Pradesh| Sohagpur (East)Sohagpur (West)SatpuraSohagpur (North)Singrauli (West)| 3059| 195. | 4| Chhattisgarh| SonhatTatapani- RamkolaMand- Raigarh| 2195| 119. 9| 5| Orissa| Talchir| 500| 35| 6| Maharashtra| Wardha| 503| 19. 9| 7| Andhra Pradesh| GodavariKothagudem (East)| 926| 63. 65| 8| Tamilnadu| Manargudi| 739| 27. 7| 9| Gujarat| Barmer-Sancho r-IIICambay- ICambay- II| 3010| 224. 2| 10| Rajasthan| Barmer- Sanchor-IBarmer- Sachor- II| 2065| 182. 8| Total| 16184| 1334. 55| 3. 2 CBM PRODUCTION STATUS IN INDIA SNo. | State| Prognosticated Resource (BCM)| Recoverable Reserves @ 20-25 % of Prognosticated Resource (BCM)| Production based on 20-25 % Recovery for 25 yrs. MMSCMD)| 1| West Bengal| 144| 28. 8- 36| 3. 15- 3. 94| 2| Jharkhand| 322. 1| 64. 42- 80. 52| 7. 0- 8. 8| 3| Madhya Pradesh| 195. 3| 39- 48. 8| 4. 27- 5. 35| 4| Gujarat| 224. 2| 44. 8- 56| 4. 9- 6. 13| 5| Rajasthan| 182. 8| 36. 56- 45. 7| 4. 0- 5. 0| 6| Maharashtra| 19. 9| 3. 98- 4. 97| 0. 44- 0. 54| 7| Chhattisgarh| 119. 90| 23. 98- 29. 97| 2. 63- 3,28| 8| Orissa| 35| 7. 0- 8. 75| 0. 77- 0. 96| 9| Andhra Pradesh| 63. 65| 12. 73- 15. 91| 1. 4- 1. 74| 10| Tamilnadu| 27. 70| 5. 54- 6. 92| 0. 61- 0. 76| Total| 1334. 55| 266. 91- 333. 64| 29. 5- 36. 56| 3. 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CBM, INDIAN INITIATIVE CBM resource in allotted (26)/ under allotment (8) CBM blocks: 1. 8 TCM, A rea- 17700 sq km. * Production potential in allotted blocks: 38 Million Cubic Meter per day, which can support power generation of 6700 MW. * CBM well drilled: 280, Total investment: Rs 256 Crores (USD 57 million) * Reserve established by different operators in 5 blocks: 8. 4 TCF * 3 blocks (Raniganj South-GEECL, Sohagpur West and Sohagpur East- Reliance Industries Ltd) has entered in development stage 4. CBM PROJECTS IN INDIA 4. 1 CBM CURRENT PROJECTS IN INDIA (BY CIL) * UNDP/GEF/GoI funded Demonstration project at Moonidih ; Sudamdih mines of BCCL. * CIL-ONGC commercial projects in Jharia and Raniganj CBM blocks * Successfully implemented at Moonidih mine of BCCL. * 3CBM wells drilled and 3 potential seams in each well hydro- fractured 2 CBM wells are producing gas after dewatering. * Dewatering being taken up in 3rd well after which CBM production will start. Fig:-Hydro-Fractured Unit of 3rd Well 4. 2 CURRENT PROJECT ON CBM IN INDIA Great Eastern Energy Corporation Ltd (GEECL) ha s  begun  the production and sale of coal-bed methane (CBM), the first such commercial project in India. GEECL is targeting initial production of 1. 5 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD); estimated in-place gas in the block is 1. 92 trillion cubic feet (TCF) per Netherland, Swell and Associates, Inc. (NSAI) on 1 June 2007. * As of June 2007, GEECL had drilled, perforated and fractured 23 wells and installed the pumps. Nine wells are currently in production, delivering 991 thousand cubic feet (MSCFD) per day, along with 8,030 barrels of product water—a current water-gas ratio of 8. barrels of water per MCF of gas. Over time, the water ratio decreases and gas production increases as the beds are dewatered. * India’s Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) has approved investing $150 million for drilling 100 production wells in four years. * Reliance Industries (RIL) and Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), the country’s two biggest exploration an d production companies of conventional oil and gas, have also begun recovering some gas from coal beds. RIL has estimated in-place gas reserves of 3. 5 TCF, and ONGC has reserves of around 1. 2 TCF. * RIL is likely to start commercial production by the end of 2007; ONGC is planning commercial production in 2008. 5. 0 CBM MARKET IN INDIA * The present scenario of rapidly increasing demand of CBM is highly encouraging for the year 2006-2007 the demand was of 231 MMSCMD and supply was 95MMSCMD and expected to grow from 168 MMSCMD supply demand was 313 MMSCMD in the year 2011-12 and in the year 2024-25 supply would be 170 MMSCMD while demand is expected to grow up to 391 MMSCMD. Directorate of Hydrocarbons recently took new areas for CBM exploration activities in CBM-III BIDDING. Based on the characteristic properties viz; occurrence of thick coal seams at favorable depth, high seam density, good thermal maturity, favorable permeability, good gas content, sizeable coal reserves. * Recen tly, Govt. of India further announced 10 blocks in order to explore and produce (CBM). Out of these, two blocks each are located in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and one block each in Jharkhand and West Bengal (MOP ; NG, 2006). For CBM contribution of 1% of total energy output, @ 1 well per 60 acre, the development area would be approx 360,000 acres, i. e. 1,450 sq km; Exploratory Block area will be still larger. Approx 8,000 sq km of the coal bearing area is still unexplored for CBM. 5. 1 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS PLACED BASED ON FOLLOWING ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions| | | Parameter| Unit| Details| Well Productivity| SCM/Day| 3500| Well Capital Cost 1. Construction Cost 2. Collection/ Compression/ Waste Disposal Cost | $/well| 778000291000| Capital Cost Escalation| %| 2|Well Operating Cost 1. Operating Cost 2. G;A Cost| $/well| 1720049600| Operating Cost Escalation| %| 2| Exploration ; Development Phase| Years| 3-5| Peak Production After Start o f Commercial Operations| Years| 3-5| Gas Price| $/mmBtu| 5. 10| 5. 2 MARKET COMPETITORS ; THEIR SHARE Company/ Major Shareholder| No of Blocks| % of total blocks| Area under Exploration (sq. Km)| % of total area| In-place CBM (BCM)| % of total BCM| ONGC| 9| 30| 3214| 19. 5| 446| 26| RIL| 5| 17| 3885| 23. | 320| 19| Essar Oil Ltd| 5| 17| 2733| 16. 6| 259| 15| Arrow Energy| 5| 17| 2388| 14. 5| 416| 24| RNRL| 4| 13| 3266| 20| 194| 11| GEECL| 2| 7| 976| 6| 65| 4| Total| 30| 100| 16462| 100| 1700| 100| 5. 3 SWOT ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT COMPANIES To enter into the market of CBM, various companies have their SWOT analysis, based upon which they decide to enter into the venture. The following table shows SWOT analysis for different competitors in India. Companies| Strength| Weakness| Opportunities| Threat|ONGC| Strong Opening MarketSubstantial Reserve Placement RatioIntegrated Operations| PSU ; Constrained to Faster Decision Making| Expansion through inorganic growthNew energy sources| Inten se competitionOil ; Gas price fluctuations| REL| Dominant foothold in the marketExpanding market share in sectorVertical IntegrationEfficient Operations| Opportunities Conventional sourcesKG-D6 block commencement| Lack of mid-stream operations| Low-cost petrochemical productsHighly competitive domestic market| Essar Oil Ltd. Expanding market share in sectorConsiderable asset baseHorizontally integrated EnterpriseVast retail network| Low return on equityLimited liquidity positionNegative operating margin| New asset acquisitionExpansion plansCBM operations| Stringent regulationIntense domestic competition| GEECL| Existing operations in CBMGas transformation| Limited operations to CBM ; relatively limited acreage| Expansion thorough inorganic growth| Intense competition ; entry of large players in CBM sectorsOil ; Gas price fluctuation| 6. 0 CBM ROUNDS IN INDIA 6. CBM ROUND I ; II * A TOTAL OF 16 BLOCKS AWARDED UNDER CBM-I ; CBM-II ROUNDS OF BIDDING AND NOMINATION BASIS AS ON DATE. * A TOTAL AREA OF 7810 SQ. KM. OPENED UP FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF CBM. * THE TOTAL CBM RESOURCE IN THESE 16 BLOCKS IS ESTIMATED TO BE AROUND 820 BILLION CUBIC METRES. * THE APPROXIMATE PRODUCTION OF CBM GAS ESTIMATED FROM THESE BLOCKS IS 23 MMSCMD AT PEAK PRODUCTION LEVELS. 6. 1. 1 Allotment in Round-I: (Under first order of bidding) 6. 1. 2 Blocks Awarded On Nomination Basis:- 6. 1. 3 Blocks Awarded Under CBM Policy:- 6. Round –II Awarding Of Blocks:- 6. 3 Allotment in Round- III:- 7. 0 Development of CBM (Indian Initiatives) To facilitate the development of CBM, Govt. Of India formulated CBM policy in 1997. The highlights are as under:- * Blocks to be awarded through open international competitive bidding system. * No participating interest of the government. * No upfront payment. * No signature bonus. * Exemption from payment of customs duty on imports required for CBM operation. * Freedom to sale gas in the domestic market. * A seven years tax holiday. 7. 1 Indian p olicies for CBM The GOI, in order to utilize the CBM potential in the country formulated a CBM policy July’ 97. * Ministry of P;NG became administrative ministry and DGH became implementing agency for CBM policy. * DGH did commendable work to operationalize the CBM policy. * DGH identified blocks for CBM exploration after interaction with the ministry of coal and other agencies in the known high rank coalfield areas. * Blocks offered through global competitive bidding by Ministry of P;NG. * Fiscal, contractual and operating regime and model contract put in place with one of the best terms. Very liberal fiscal terms offered to attract investors. 7. 2 Fiscal terms * No participating interest of the government. * No signature bonus. * Allotment of blocks through global bidding. * Provision for bidding for more than one block. * 10% ad-valorem royalty payable to state govt. * Additional production linked payment biddable. * Payment on sliding scale for every 0. 5 MMSCMD increment al gas Production beyond 1. 0 MMSCMD. * Freedom to sell gas in the domestic market – determined prices. * Fiscal stability provision in the contract. * No customs duty on imports required for CBM operations. Arbitration provisions to be governed by the arbitration and Conciliation act, 1996, which is based on uncitral provisions. * Nominal commercial bonus of us$ 0. 3 million after discovery. * New petroleum tax guide to facilitate investors. * Corporate income tax payable as per income tax act, 1961. * Model contract to serve as guideline. * 7 year tax holiday from the date of commencement of Commercial production. 8. 0 CBM Future in India While GEECL’s initial confirmed customers are industrial operations in West Bengal (the site of the project), the company forecasts high demand for CBM as an alternative fuel for transportation.Demand in Kolkata alone could reach 35 MMSCFD. Other West Bengali district vehicle demand could tally an additional 10 MMSCFD. Vehicle deman d in neighboring Jamshedpur (200 km away) could reach 18 MMSCFD, according to the company. In India, commercial CBM production is yet to be started in full pace. Few E;P companies like ONGC Ltd. , GEECL and Essar Oil have started production, but field development is yet to be completed. Steel, Glass, Ceramics and Paper manufacturing companies are showing keen interest to put up their plants in the region.The possible industries that can use CBM may be: * Fertilizers, chemicals ; petrochemicals * Town Gas ; Industrial fuel supply * Power generation * Cement * Paper and paper products * Sponge iron ; steel * Ceramics * Glass * Textiles 8. 1 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION * CBM Resource Assessment technique in de-stressed coal seams. * Techno-economic evaluation of identified CMM Project area. * Utilization technology of recovered methane. * Capture and Utilization Technique of low concentration of methane in ventilation air. 8. 2 PROSPECT OF CBM IN INDIA To increase the pace of explorat ion and development of CBM the Government of India under CBM-III round of international bidding has identified 7 additional blocks in different coalfields, located in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh ; Rajasthan and hold sizable resources of CBM showing good prospectivity. 8. 3 OPPORTUNITIES OF CBM IN INDIA The CBM terms offered by Government are definitely the very best in the world:- * Seven years tax holiday from the date of commencement of production. * Fiscal stability provision in the contract. * No participating interest of the Government. No signature bonus. * No custom duty on imports required for CBM operations. * Freedom to sell gas in the domestic market at market determined rate. * During the last 3 years more than 75 exploratory / pilot wells have been drilled in the 16 CBM blocks awarded during the last two rounds of international bidding. * Significant finds reported in Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro ; Sohagpur Coalfields in the Eastern and Central part of India * Test production of CBM in these blocks have yielded encouraging quantities of gas and commercial exploitation of Coalbed Methane (CBM) in India is no longer a myth but a reality. . 4 AWARENESS ABOUT CBM * Promotional â€Å"Road Shows† to be organized in January / February 2006 at USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, UK and India. * All the road shows to be presided over by the Hon’ble Minister of Petroleum ; Natural Gas, besides the senior officials of the Ministry of Petroleum ; Natural Gas, Ministry of Coal and Directorate General of Hydrocarbons, Government of India. * A brochure giving details on the blocks on offer, the Geographical Location on a map of India, the Terms ; Conditions, Bid Format, a copy of the Modal CBM Contract and Price List will be made available free of cost. The Hard Copies ; Digital Copies (on work stations) of the Basin Information Dockets and Data Packages will be made available for inspection at data view ing centers in India and abroad. 9. 0 CONCLUDING REMARKS * Commercial exploitation of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) in India is no longer a myth but a reality. * The CBM gas flared in the test wells in Raniganj, Jharia and Sohagpur Coalfields in the eastern and central part of India bear ample testimony to the stories of success in the formative stage of CBM operation. India endowed with large resources base of coal and lignite contains sizable quantities of CBM gas. Initial test production in CBM fields of India shows encouraging results. * India has adopted a time bound aggressive strategy for exploration and development of CBM. * CBM an unconventional alternative source of natural gas has good future prospects in India. * CBM technology is proceeding with good space to prove itself as a cleaner energy security to India as well as the World. However, production strategy of methane from CBM is very much different from conventional gas reservoir.The study revealed that the coal type, rank, volatile matter and fixed carbon are strongly influence the adsorption capacity of methane into the coal bed. With increasing depth maturation of coal increases and generation of methane gas also increases. Gondwana basin as the most prospective CBM field is being developed now. From the studies, it is observed that Singareni coal field under Gandowana basin contains low gas Hence, presently it is not considered for CBM exctraction. However, in future this field may be considered for methane extraction using advanced technology and in emergency condition.Sequestration of CO2 helps in mitigation of global warming, at the same time helps in recovery of methane gas from coal bed unveiled otherwise. However, detailed and intensive studies are required for efficient and economic production of coal bed methane. India with ~4. 6 TCM of methane reserves in coal bed can enrich its per capita energy demand by successful exploitation of CBM. 10. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY (Internet Based Methodology Only ) 1. Singh, A. K. â€Å"Activities on Development of CBM In India†. ;Coal Sub-committee Meeting, New Delhi;. March 5, 2010. 2. Ojha, K. K. â€Å"CBM In India: Difficulties ; Prospects†. lt;International Journal of Chemical Engineering ; Applications, Vol. 2;. August, 2011. 3. Rana, Ashish â€Å"Future for Energy Options for India†. ;Reliance Industries Ltd. ;. 4. Singh, M. P. â€Å"Status of CBM Investigations In India†. 5. â€Å"Overview of India’s CBM Policies ; Regulations†. ;Methane to Market Conference;. 6. â€Å"Coal Bed Methane†. ;Indo-US Coal Working Group Meeting;. November, 2005. 7. Sawhney, Prem â€Å"Developments In India, CBM. March 3, 2010. 8. Dutta, Shishir â€Å"Economics of CBM†. June 28-30, 2011. 9. GECL. â€Å"Markets ; Distributes CBM in India for 1st Time†. February 28, 2008.